This tutorial is taken from our recipes. You can find an executable version of the Jupyter notebook on Github.
In this tutorial, we will show how to use automated machine learning (AutoML) to accelerate labeling in Kili Technology. We will apply it in the context of text classification: given a tweet, I want to classify whether it is about a real disaster or not (as introduced in Kaggle NLP starter kit).
Why want to label more data when Kaggle often provides with a fully annotated training set and a testing set?
But annotating data is a time-consuming task. So we would like to help you annotate faster by fully automating machine learning models thanks to AutoML. Here is what is looks like in Kili:
Additionally:
For an overview of Kili, visit kili-technology.com. You can also check out Kili documentation.
The tutorial is divided into three parts:
Automated machine learning (AutoML) is described as the process of automating both the choice and training of a machine learning algorithm by automatically optimizing its hyperparameters.
There already exist many AutoML framework:
We will cover the use of autosklearn for automated text classification. autosklearn explores the hyperparameters grid as defined by SKLearn as a human would do it manually. Jobs can be run in parallel in order to speed up the exploration process. autosklearn can use either SMAC (Sequential Model-based Algorithm Configuration) or random search to select the next set of hyperparameters to test at each time.
Once AutoML automatically chose and trained a classifier, we can use this classifier to make predictions. Predictions can then be inserted into Kili Technology. When labeling, labelers first see predictions before labeling. For complex tasks, this can considerably speed up the labeling.
For instance, when annotating voice for automatic speech recognition, if you use a model that pre-annotates by transcribing speeches, you more than double annotation productivity:
Specifically for text classification, the following pipeline retrieves labeled and unlabeled data from Kili, builds a classifier using AutoML and then enriches back Kili’s training set:
After retrieving data, TFIDF pre-processes text data by filtering out common words (such as the, a, etc) in order to make most important features stand out. These pre-processed features will be fed to a classifier.
Note: autosklearn runs better on Linux, so we recommand running code snippets inside a Docker image:
docker run --rm -it -p 10000:8888 -v /local/path/to/notebook/folder:/home/kili --entrypoint "/bin/bash" mfeurer/auto-sklearn
# cd /home/kili && jupyter notebook --ip=0.0.0.0 --port=8888 --allow-rootfrom sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer, TfidfVectorizer
from sklearn.feature_selection import SelectKBest, f_classif
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
MIN_DOC_FREQ = 2
NGRAM_RANGE = (1, 2)
TOP_K = 20000
TOKEN_MODE = 'word'
def ngram_vectorize(train_texts, train_labels, val_texts):
tfidf_vectorizer_params = {
'ngram_range': NGRAM_RANGE,
'dtype': 'int32',
'strip_accents': 'unicode',
'decode_error': 'replace',
'analyzer': TOKEN_MODE,
'min_df': MIN_DOC_FREQ,
}
# Learn vocab from train texts and vectorize train and val sets
tfidf_vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer(**tfidf_vectorizer_params)
x_train = tfidf_vectorizer.fit_transform(train_texts)
x_val = tfidf_vectorizer.transform(val_texts)
# Select k best features, with feature importance measured by f_classif
selector = SelectKBest(f_classif, k=min(TOP_K, x_train.shape[1]))
selector.fit(x_train, train_labels)
x_train = selector.transform(x_train).astype('float32')
x_val = selector.transform(x_val).astype('float32')
return x_train, x_valLabeled data is split in train and test sets for validation. Then, autosklearn classifier is chosen and trained in a limited time.
from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
# Un comment these lines if you are not running inside autosklearn container
# !conda install gxx_linux-64 gcc_linux-64 swig==3.0.12 --yes
# !pip install auto-sklearn
import autosklearn
import autosklearn.classification
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
def automl_train_and_predict(X, y, X_to_predict):
x, x_to_predict = ngram_vectorize(
X, y, X_to_predict)
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
x, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)
# Auto-tuning by autosklearn
cls = autosklearn.classification.AutoSklearnClassifier(time_left_for_this_task=200,
per_run_time_limit=20,
seed=10)
cls.fit(x_train, y_train)
assert x_train.shape[1] == x_to_predict.shape[1]
# Performance metric
predictions_test = cls.predict(x_test)
print('Accuracy: {}'.format(accuracy_score(y_test, predictions_test)))
# Generate predictions
predictions = cls.predict(x_to_predict)
return predictionsLet’s now feed Kili data to the AutoML pipeline. For that you will need to create a new Text classification project. Assets are taken from Kaggle challenge Real or Not? NLP with Disaster Tweets. You can download them here.
Connect to Kili Technology using kili-playground (Kili’s official Python SDK to interact with Kili API):
!pip install kili
from kili.authentication import KiliAuth
from kili.playground import Playground
email = 'YOUR EMAIL'
password = 'YOUR PASSWORD'
project_id = 'YOUR PROJECT ID'
api_endpoint = 'https://cloud.kili-technology.com/api/label/graphql'
kauth = KiliAuth(email=email, password=password, api_endpoint=api_endpoint)
playground = Playground(kauth)Let’s insert all assets into Kili. You can download the original unannotated test.csv directly on Kaggle.
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('./datasets/test.csv')
content_array = []
external_id_array = []
for index, row in df.iterrows():
external_id_array.append(f'tweet_{index}')
content_array.append(row['text'])
playground.append_many_to_dataset(project_id=project_id,
content_array=content_array,
external_id_array=external_id_array,
is_honeypot_array=[False for _ in content_array],
status_array=['TODO' for _ in content_array],
json_metadata_array=[{} for asset in content_array])Retrieve the categories of the first job that you defined in Kili interface. Learn here what interfaces and jobs are in Kili.
project = playground.projects(project_id=project_id)[0]
assert 'jsonInterface' in project
json_interface = project['jsonInterface']
jobs = json_interface['jobs']
jobs_list = list(jobs.keys())
assert len(jobs_list) == 1, 'More than one job was defined in the interface'
job_name = jobs_list[0]
job = jobs[job_name]
categories = list(job['content']['categories'].keys())
print(f'Categories are: {categories}')We continuously fetch assets from Kili Technology and apply AutoML pipeline. You can launch the next cell and go to Kili in order to label. After labeling a few assets, you’ll see predictions automatically pop up in Kili!
Go here to learn in more details how to insert predictions into Kili.
import os
import time
import warnings
!pip install tqdm
from tqdm import tqdm
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
SECONDS_BETWEEN_TRAININGS = 60
def extract_train_for_auto_ml(job_name, assets, categories, train_test_threshold=0.8):
X = []
y = []
X_to_predict = []
ids_X_to_predict = []
for asset in assets:
x = asset['content']
labels = [l for l in asset['labels'] if l['labelType'] in ['DEFAULT', 'REVIEWED']]
# If no label, add it to X_to_predict
if len(labels) == 0:
X_to_predict.append(x)
ids_X_to_predict.append(asset['externalId'])
# Otherwise add it to training examples X, y
for label in labels:
jsonResponse = label['jsonResponse'][job_name]
is_empty_label = 'categories' not in jsonResponse or len(
jsonResponse['categories']) != 1 or 'name' not in jsonResponse['categories'][0]
if is_empty_label:
continue
X.append(x)
y.append(categories.index(
jsonResponse['categories'][0]['name']))
return X, y, X_to_predict, ids_X_to_predict
while True:
print('Export assets and labels...')
assets = playground.assets(project_id=project_id, first=100, skip=0) ## Remove that
X, y, X_to_predict, ids_X_to_predict = extract_train_for_auto_ml(job_name, assets, categories)
version = 0
if len(X) > 5:
print('AutoML is on its way...')
predictions = automl_train_and_predict(X, y, X_to_predict)
print('Inserting predictions to Kili...')
external_id_array = []
json_response_array = []
for i, prediction in enumerate(tqdm(predictions)):
json_response = {
job_name: {
'categories': [{
'name': categories[prediction],
'confidence':100
}]
}
}
external_id_array.append(ids_X_to_predict[i])
json_response_array.append(json_response)
# Good practice: version your model so you know the result of every model
playground.create_predictions(project_id=project_id,
external_id_array=external_id_array,
model_name_array=[f'automl-{version}']*len(external_id_array),
json_response_array=json_response_array)
print('Done.\n')
time.sleep(SECONDS_BETWEEN_TRAININGS)
version += 1In this tutorial, we accomplished the following:
We introduced the concept of AutoML as well as several of the most-used frameworks for AutoML. We demonstrated how to leverage AutoML to automatically create predictions in Kili. If you enjoyed this tutorial, check out the other Recipes for other tutorials that you may find interesting, including demonstrations of how to use Kili.
You can also visit the Kili website or Kili documentation for more info!